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澳洲的昆士兰显然已非蛙类的乐土，从1980年开始，就有14种青蛙数量大幅缩水，甚至走向灭亡，有许多还是来自人湮罕至的热带雨林国家公园Eungella National Park中的高山溪流。科学家发现真菌Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis是罪魁祸首，它们在许多挂掉或垂死的青蛙身上都可找到，在实验室中也能够干掉感染上它的青蛙。
昆士兰大学的Hamish McCallum等人为了要了解真菌B. dendrobatidis如何袭击蛙类，他们在国家公园中的四个地点搜寻真菌。他们原本认为真菌在干掉大部分质弱的青蛙后会消失得无影无踪。他们花了四年研究了六种蛙类的474个蛙趾上的真菌。结果他们发现蛙类似乎已演化出对抗真菌的免疫力，在四种蛙类中，真菌感染似乎不再是问题。另外两种蛙类感染的数量年年都保持稳定，显示真菌已作了地方性疾病。感染到的青蛙和干净溜溜的青蛙一样活得好。
澳洲James Cook Univ.的两栖动物生态学家Ross Alford指出，蛙类能和真菌共处是件好事，可是他也指出并非所有蛙类都有免疫力，而且澳洲的两栖类数量也未完全回复。
原学术论文：
Retallick RWR, McCallum H, Speare R. (2004) Endemic Infection of the Amphibian Chytrid Fungus in a Frog Community Post-decline. PLoS Biol 2 (11): e351. Endangered frogs coexist with fungus once thought fatal
Worldwide amphibian declines have reached crisis proportions. In many areas, habitat loss is the likely culprit but, in 1996, it was suggested that some unknown disease had spread through the populations. In 1998, the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis was identified from sick and dead frogs and, since then, several lines of laboratory based evidence have suggested that B. dendrobatidis is to blame for the dramatic frog declines. But with little information about how the disease impacts frogs in the wild, the causal role of this chytrid fungus remains unclear. In the open access journal PLoS Biology, Australian researchers Richard Retallick, Hamish McCallum and Rick Speare now "show unequivocally" that remaining populations of T. eungellensis, a rainforest frog listed as endangered, can persist in the wild with stable infections of this fungus.
To evaluate the effects of the fungus on frogs in their natural habitat, the authors focused on six species living in the high-elevation rainforest streams of Eungella National Park in Queensland, Australia, where frog losses were "particularly catastrophic". Two species vanished between 1985 and 1986: the Eungella Gastric-Brooding Frog (Rheobatrachus vitellinus), which is now thought extinct, and the Eungella Torrent Frog (Taudactylus eungellensis), which later reappeared in a few small populations. In the PLoS Biology study, Retallick et al. tested tissue samples taken from frogs between 1994 and 1998 - before the disease had been identified. The marked frogs were released back into the wild at the time the samples were collected. The authors found fungal infections in the samples of two species, including T. eungellensis. An analysis of tissue from recaptured frogs during the same period showed that the prevalence of infection did not vary from year to year, suggesting that the infection is now endemic. McCallum and colleagues also found no evidence that survival differed between infected and uninfected frogs, suggesting that this potentially devastating amphibian disease now coexists with the frogs, with little effect on their populations.
While these findings do not exonerate the fungus as the agent of mass declines, they can rule out the possibility that the fungus caused the decline, then vanished from the area, allowing frog populations to recover. Although it's possible that B. dendrobatidis did not cause the initial T. eungellensis declines, surviving frog populations may have developed resistance to the pathogen, or less virulent strains of the fungus may have evolved. If it turns out that frog populations can develop resistance to the chytrid fungus, the researchers point out, then a conservation program of captive breeding and selecting for resistance could potentially thwart the extinction of these, and other, critically endangered frogs.
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作者:admin@医学,生命科学 2010-12-08 17:11
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