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科学家套用物理重力模型来预测病毒性疾病的传

医学:科学家套用物理重力模型来预测病毒性疾病的传播
美国宾州州立大学(Penn State University) 昆虫暨生物学系助理教授Dr. Bjornstad等人套用物理重力模型来预测麻疹(measles)等病毒性疾病的传播。
Dr. Bjornstad表示,在过去所预测病毒性疾病的传播是根据距离来做假设,而病毒流行地点所紧邻的城镇将是下一个疾病大流行的地点。但现今,他们所研究的成果对这项说法表示质疑,他们甚至排除空气传播是病毒散播的方式。
套用物理学和运输理论,其研究人员使用一种伴随着以距离为基础的经验重力模型来定义病毒传染性疾病的空间传播网络.。Dr. Ottar Bjornstad等人在今年八月的美国生态学会年度会议(the annual meeting of the Ecological Society of America)中表示,他们的研究正是以流行病学结合社会学以及运输理论的模型来探讨病毒疾病传播网络。
Dr. Bjornstad指出,有些人就像我一样虽然住在刘易斯城附近,但是纽约市灯光闪烁热力四射,比刘易斯城更加得吸引我。病毒就好比人一样,不一定向往邻近的城市,反而会到具有吸引力的大城市发展。然而城市就好比行星一样,越大就越有吸引力,但是吸引力的大小也因距离的增加而减少。
为了测试他们所设计的模型,他们使用英国过去历年来感染孩童的麻疹流行病学数据,数据上完整记载从公元1940年到现今英国各地区孩童及每周和每个小区麻疹流行所蔓延的情形。英国当局已有大约有1,000 个城市和 450 个乡村地区的报告并证实麻疹爆发大约每隔两年发生一次。因此,他们尝试套用他们的模型来预测这些专门感染幼童的麻疹传播路线。
另一方面,他们也着手探讨他们设计的模型是否与野生动物疾病相关,宾州州立大学生物系研究生Laura M. Warlow同时与Bjornstad从事建立野生动物模型相关研究,探讨犬瘟热病毒(distemper)在麻斑海豹(harbor seals)所蔓延的情形,Warlow发现,麻花海豹不像人类一样容易被大城市明亮的灯光所吸引,他们反而是向往具有丰富食物的大海滩。
Warlow表示,这些在海滩聚集成一大群的海豹称为haul-outs,这种群落的大小正与海滩的大小以及食物接近有很大的关连。而麻花海豹就像孩童一样,会藉由咳嗽彼此之前传染犬瘟热病毒,在公元1988和2002年就曾发生两次犬瘟热病毒爆发,大量杀死北海的麻花海豹。而Warlow则是利用定位系统和空中摄影的方式来了解海豹实际的数目以进行1988年的病毒爆发的研究。Warlow把所得的资料套用所设计的距离模型和重力模型进行研究,发现重力模型能快速地预测传染给海豹的犬温热病毒的蔓延情形。
在完成预测感染孩童与动物病毒性疾病的模型之后,他们想更进一步探讨感染成人病毒性疾病的传播路线。Dr. Bjornstad说,他们目前在美国国家卫生中心的John E. Fogerty国际中心从事卫生科学方面的研究,他们想把模型应用在成人的人口数以及具有部分免疫力的人口数,来探讨流行性感冒病毒在成人的传播路线。
原始论文:
Grenfell, B.T., Bjørnstad, O.N., & Finkenstädt, B. (2002) Endemic and epidemic dynamics of measles: Scaling predictability, noise and determinism with the time series SIR model. Ecological Monographs 72: 185-202 Physics gravity model applicable to disease spread
Tracking the spread of new or reemergent diseases like SARS or smallpox is essential in controlling disease epidemics, but horse-and-buggy concepts of how diseases spread have been supplanted by 21st-century realities.
"In the past, one expected the spread of disease to be based on distance, and the closest town would be the location of the next outbreak," says Dr. Ottar Bjornstad, assistant professor of entomology and biology. "Today, it is very different. Even excluding air transportation, someone like me is more likely to go to New York City than Lewistown, Pa., even though Lewistown is closer to where I live."

Borrowing from physics and transportation theory, the researchers are using an empirical gravity model along with the distance-based models to define a network of spatial spread of contagious disease.

"We are combining the basic theory of epidemiology with models from sociology and transportation theory to see what networks might look like," Bjornstad told attendees today (Aug. 5) at the annual meeting of the Ecological Society of America. Bjornstad is working with Bryan T. Grenfell and Xia Yingcun, University of Cambridge, U.K.

Cities are like planets -- the larger they are, the more attractive they are, but the degree of attraction decreases with distance. From Central Pennsylvania, New York City or Philadelphia would be more an attractive destination than Chicago.

To test their model, the researchers used British data on the childhood disease measles because British records dating from 1940 to today are relatively complete. The records show, week-by-week and community-by-community, the spread of measles outbreaks. The U.K. has about 1,000 cities and 450 rural areas that report and outbreaks occur about every two years.

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作者:admin@医学,生命科学    2011-02-11 17:19
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