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《Nature》:10月28日内容提要(中英文对照)

October 28, 2004

封面故事:新人种的头骨

本期封面所刊登的头骨来自仅仅在18000年前还生活在印尼Flores岛上的新人种。该发现表明,在距今不远的过去,人类的多样性要比以前所想的大得多。但这一部分存在的骨架最让人吃惊的是其大小。再看看封面图片,试试比较一下手和头骨的大小。尽管她(LB1是女性)已完全成年,但却只有一米高,头骨只有一颗柚子那么大。这一新的人种被认为是从远古时代的直立人传下来的,但直立人的身材是正常的,智人(即现代人)很可能就是从它们演化来的。Flores岛上的遗骨可能代表着在过去几十年间的某个时候与其他人群分离后的直立人的一个人群的后代,它们演化成了一个岛屿特有的人种形式。Page: 1055

Nature 431, 1087 - 1091 (28 October 2004); doi:10.1038/nature02956

Archaeology and age of a new hominin from Flores in eastern Indonesia

Excavations at Liang Bua, a large limestone cave on the island of Flores in eastern Indonesia, have yielded evidence for a population of tiny hominins, sufficiently distinct anatomically to be assigned to a new species, Homo floresiensis. The finds comprise the cranial and some post-cranial remains of one individual, as well as a premolar from another individual in older deposits. Here we describe their context, implications and the remaining archaeological uncertainties. Dating by radiocarbon (14C), luminescence, uranium-series and electron spin resonance (ESR) methods indicates that H. floresiensis existed from before 38,000 years ago (kyr) until at least 18 kyr. Associated deposits contain stone artefacts and animal remains, including Komodo dragon and an endemic, dwarfed species of Stegodon. H. floresiensis originated from an early dispersal of Homo erectus (including specimens referred to as Homo ergaster and Homo georgicus) that reached Flores, and then survived on this island refuge until relatively recently. It overlapped significantly in time with Homo sapiens in the region, but we do not know if or how the two species interacted.

美将重建“国家地震预测评估委员会”

地震学家和地球物理学家对预测是很谨慎的。他们的这种谨慎经常反映在研究论文的最后几段,即通过认真地选择措辞,来表示其不想让他们的预测激起人们太大希望的心情。他们的某些谨慎是有道理的:上个世纪70年代人们对地震预测的热情最后导致的是失望。但现在,人们对地震预测又充满了热情,以至于“美国地质调查局”认为值得重建“国家地震预测评估委员会”,来对预测进行评估。David Cyranoski对使人们如此乐观的一些进展情况进行了调查。Page: 1032

英国榆树的历史

英国榆树(Ulmus procera)被大量种植,常常是作为围场边界的一部分。到上个世纪60年代,成熟的榆树成为英国乡村一景,但自荷兰榆树病于1967年爆发以来,它们几乎消失了。现在,对整个欧洲榆树叶绿体DNA所做的分析,使得人们有可能来描绘英国榆树从生到死的整个历史。看来,认为是罗马人将英国榆树引进来支撑葡萄藤的说法是正确的。这种树的根芽有很强的繁殖能力,而且还是雌性不育的。正是这种特点,使它2000年来保持不变。而由于缺乏生物多样性,在面对一种不熟悉的病原体时,它便只有灭亡。这也及时提醒我们,在目前的欧洲榆树育种和保护战略中应将多样性考虑进去。Page: 1053

Nature 431, 1053 (28 October 2004); doi:10.1038/4311053a

Phylogeography: English elm is a 2,000-year-old Roman clone

The outbreak of Dutch elm disease in the 1970s ravaged European elm populations, killing more than 25 million trees in Britain alone; the greatest impact was on Ulmus procera, otherwise known as the English elm. Here we use molecular and historical information to show that this elm derives from a single clone that the Romans transported from Italy to the Iberian peninsula, and from there to Britain, for the purpose of supporting and training vines. Its highly efficient vegetative reproduction and its inability to set seeds have preserved this clone unaltered for 2,000 years as the core of the English elm population — and the preponderance of this susceptible variety may have favoured a rapid spread of the disease.

Tycho Brahe超新星的伴星

Type Ia超新星是极亮的爆炸,在可观测的宇宙中大多数地方都能看到。由于它们在显示宇宙的加速膨胀的测定工作中所起的作用,它们已成为有广泛科学兴趣的天体。它们被认为是白矮星(多数恒星的超致密残留物)的残留物,这些白矮星从一个伴星上夺取了足够多、足以触发一次热核反应的物质。如果能对这样一个伴星的残留物进行探测,那将是试图模拟这些体系的工作上的一大进展。现在,对在1572年首次被看到的Tycho Brahe超新星所处位置所做的一次深层搜索,显示出一个似乎就是这样一个伴星的天体。这颗向该白矮星贡献物质的恒星非常像我们的太阳,以比该天域其他恒星快约三倍的速度穿过星际介质运动。Page: 1069

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作者:admin@医学,生命科学    2010-11-26 05:11
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